How to Mix Underglazes

Mixing underglazes for ceramic projects allows artists to expand their creative palette and achieve a wide range of colors and effects not always available off the shelf. Underglazing, a method where colors are applied to pottery before it’s glazed, provides a unique way to decorate ceramics with intricate designs and vibrant hues.

This introduction to mixing underglazes will guide beginners through the basics, from understanding the properties of underglazes to tips on how to mix underglazes for creating custom colors. Whether you’re aiming for subtle shades or bold patterns, mastering the art of mixing underglazes will add depth and character to your ceramic pieces.

What is Underglaze?

Underglazes are a type of ceramic colorant that is applied to pottery before it’s glazed. They consist of a mixture of clay, fluxes, and pigments, and are typically used to add decorative designs or patterns to ceramic pieces. Unlike glazes, which fuse with the clay body during firing, underglazes remain on the surface and do not become glossy or transparent. This allows for more control and precision in applying colors to ceramic projects.

You can find underglazes in a variety of forms, including dry powders, liquid suspensions, and pencils. Each form has its own advantages and techniques for mixing, so it’s important to understand the properties of each before starting your project.

If you’re new to working with underglazes, it’s recommended to start with liquid suspensions or pencils as they are easier to control and can produce more consistent results. Dry powders require more experience and skill in mixing but offer a wider range of colors and effects.

Pros and Cons of Mixing Underglazes

Mixing your own underglazes has several advantages and disadvantages compared to buying pre-mixed colors. Here are a few pros and cons to consider:

Pros:

Customization:

One of the biggest benefits of mixing underglazes is the ability to create unique custom colors that may not be available commercially. This allows for more creativity and personalization in your ceramic pieces.

Cost-effective:

Buying individual dry pigments and mixing them yourself can be more cost-effective in the long run compared to purchasing pre-mixed underglazes. You can also mix small amounts at a time, reducing waste and saving money.

Control Over Color Intensity:

When mixing underglazes, you have more control over the color intensity. This allows for subtle shades and gradients that may be difficult to achieve with pre-mixed colors.

Cons:

Time-consuming:

Mixing underglazes can be a time-consuming process, especially if you’re looking to create a large batch of a specific color. It also requires some trial and error to achieve the desired color.

Requires Knowledge and Skill:

Mixing underglazes requires some knowledge of color theory and ceramic materials, as well as basic skills in measuring and mixing. This may be intimidating for beginners or those new to ceramics.

11 Step-by-step Guidelines on How to Mix Underglazes:

Step 1: Gather Materials

Before you start mixing your underglazes, make sure you have all the necessary materials. These include:

• Dry Pigments of Your Choice
• Underglaze Base (Liquid or Dry)
• Measuring Spoons and Cups
• Mixing Bowl or Container
• Water
• Palette Knife or Stirring Stick
• Sieve (Optional)

Step 2: Understand the Color Wheel

Having a basic understanding of color theory and the color wheel will help you achieve your desired colors. Remember, primary colors (red, yellow, and blue) cannot be mixed with other colors, while secondary (orange, green, and purple) and tertiary colors (blue-green, red-orange, etc.) can be created by mixing primary colors. You can also create different shades by adding white or black.

Step 3: Choose Your Pigments

Select the dry pigments you want to mix. You can choose from a variety of options, including commercial ceramic pigments or natural materials like oxides or clay. The amount of pigment you’ll need depends on the intensity of the color you want to achieve. It’s always better to start with less pigment and add more as needed. You can also mix different pigments to create a unique color.

Step 4: Prepare Your Underglaze Base

If you’re using a liquid base, give it a good shake before measuring. If you’re using a dry base, mix it with water according to the manufacturer’s instructions. You can also make your own base using a mixture of clay, water, and fluxes. It’s essential to use the right amount of base, as too much or too little can affect the color and consistency of your underglaze. But don’t worry; you can always adjust the consistency later.

Step 5: Measure Out Pigments

Using a measuring spoon or cup, measure out your pigments. The amount will depend on how much underglaze you want to create and the intensity of the color you’re aiming for. It’s always best to start with a small amount and add more as needed. You can always create more underglaze if you run out. But if you have too much, it may go to waste. If you’re using multiple pigments, make sure to measure them separately before mixing.

Step 6: Add Pigments to Base

Add your pigments to your underglaze base, starting with the lightest pigment first. This will prevent any dark or strong colors from overpowering lighter ones. Mix well using a palette knife or stirring stick. If you’re using dry pigments, make sure to mix thoroughly to avoid any lumps. The color may look different when dry, so it’s best to test a small amount on a test tile before making the final batch. It’s also helpful to keep notes on the ratios of pigments used so you can replicate the color in the future.

Step 7: Adjust Consistency

If your underglaze is too thick, add a small amount of water and mix well. If it’s too thin, add more pigment or base until you reach the desired consistency. It’s essential to have an even consistency to ensure the color is consistent when applying it to your ceramic piece. The underglaze should be thin enough to brush or paint on smoothly, but thick enough to hold its shape without running. But don’t worry if it’s not perfect, you can always adjust the consistency as needed.

Step 8: Sieve (Optional)

If you want a smoother, more even application, you can sieve your underglaze mixture before using it. This will help remove any lumps or impurities that may have formed during the mixing process. If you’re using natural pigments, this step is highly recommended to avoid any grit or particles in your underglaze. It’s best to use a fine mesh sieve for this step. You can also use a brush to push the mixture through if needed.

Step 9: Store Your Underglaze

If you have leftovers, store your underglaze in an airtight container to prevent it from drying out. You can also add a few drops of water on top before sealing the container to keep it moist. Make sure to label your underglaze with the colors and ratios used for future reference. Otherwise, you may have a hard time replicating the color in the future. It’s also best to use the underglaze within a few days of mixing for best results.

Step 10: Test Your Underglaze

Before using your newly mixed underglaze on your ceramic piece, test it on a test tile or scrap clay. This will allow you to see the color and consistency when dry and make any necessary adjustments before applying it to your final piece. But remember, the underglaze may look slightly different when fired, so keep this in mind when choosing your color. You can also mix different ratios of the same colors to create a gradient effect on your test tile.

Step 11: Apply Your Underglaze

Once you’re satisfied with the color and consistency, you can now apply your underglaze to your ceramic piece using a brush, sponge, or other application methods. Make sure to apply it evenly and in thin layers for the best results. You can also layer different colors on top of each other to create unique effects. Once you’re done, let your piece dry completely before firing according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Following these steps on how to mix underglazes will help you create your own custom underglazes for your ceramic pieces. Don’t be afraid to experiment with different pigments and ratios to create unique and beautiful colors. With practice, you’ll be able to mix underglazes like a pro! Happy creating!

Tips for Mixing Underglazes

Here are a few tips to keep in mind when mixing underglazes:

Start with a Plan:

Before you begin mixing, have a clear idea of the color or colors you want to achieve. This will help guide your choices in pigments and ratios.

Use a Scale:

To ensure consistency in color, it’s important to measure your ingredients accurately. Using a digital scale instead of guessing can greatly improve the quality of your mixed underglazes.

Experiment with Ratios:

Different ratios of pigment to base can greatly affect the final color. It’s important to experiment with different ratios and keep detailed notes of your results for future reference.

Keep a Record:

Keeping a record of your underglaze recipes can help you reproduce colors in the future. This is especially useful if you plan on using the same custom colors in multiple projects.

Advanced Underglaze Mixing Techniques

Once you’ve mastered the basics of underglaze mixing, there are a few advanced techniques you can try to create even more unique and interesting colors:

Use Multiple Bases:

Mixing pigments with different bases, such as clear or white underglaze, can produce a wider range of colors. This is because different bases have varying levels of opacity and can affect the final color when mixed with pigments.

Layer Colors:

Layering different colors on top of each other can create interesting effects and depth in your underglaze. Just make sure to let each layer dry before adding another on top.

Use Stains:

Stains are highly concentrated pigments that can produce intense, vibrant colors in small amounts. It’s best to use these sparingly and test them on a small scale before using them in larger batches.

Troubleshooting Underglaze Mixing

If you’re having trouble achieving the desired color or consistency, here are a few common issues and how to fix them:

Dull Color:

If your underglaze appears dull after firing, it may be due to using too much base or not enough pigment. Try adjusting the ratio and testing it on a small scale before applying it to your final piece.

Cracking:

If your underglaze is cracking after firing, it may be due to using too much pigment or not enough base. This can also happen if the underglaze was not mixed thoroughly. Try adjusting the ratio and making sure all ingredients are well incorporated.

Running or Fading:

If your underglaze appears to run or fade after firing, it’s likely due to using too much water in your mixture. Adjust the consistency and try again.

Safety and Handling of Underglazes

When handling and mixing underglazes, it’s important to take safety precautions. Here are a few tips:

Wear Gloves:

Some pigments can be irritants or harmful when absorbed through the skin. It’s best to wear gloves while handling underglaze powders.

Use a Mask:

Mixing underglazes can create dust particles that may be harmful if inhaled. It’s best to wear a mask while working with underglazes.

Clean Up Carefully:

Make sure to clean up any spills or drips carefully and dispose of used materials properly. It’s also important to wash your hands thoroughly after handling underglazes.

With these tips and techniques, you’ll be able to mix your own custom underglazes for your ceramic pieces like a pro. Have fun experimenting and creating unique colors for your creations! 

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: Can I Mix Different Brands of Pigments in My Underglaze?

A: It’s best to stick with one brand of pigments for consistency. However, if you do choose to mix different brands, make sure to test the mixture on a test tile first before using it on your final piece. You may also need to adjust the ratios to achieve your desired color. It’s always best to stick with one brand for the best results.

Q: Can I Mix Underglaze with Commercial Glazes?

A: It is not recommended to mix underglaze with commercial glazes as they have different composition and firing temperature requirements. This can result in unexpected results and damage to your ceramic piece. But feel free to experiment with layering underglaze and glazes on top of each other for unique effects.

Q: Can I Use Underglaze on Greenware?

A: Yes, you can use underglaze on greenware before it is fired. However, keep in mind that the underglaze may not appear the same color after firing on a bisque or glazed surface. The color may also appear more muted or dull on greenware compared to a bisque-fired piece. It’s best to test your underglaze on a test tile before applying it to your greenware.

Q: Can I Mix My Own Base for Underglaze?

A: It is possible to mix your own base using materials such as frit, kaolin, and water. However, it’s important to thoroughly research and test the ingredients before using them in your underglaze. It’s also recommended to stick with a commercially available base for consistency and safety reasons.  Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions when mixing and using underglazes.

Q: Can I Mix Underglaze with Other Mediums?

A: It is not recommended to mix underglaze with other mediums such as oil or acrylic paints. These mediums are not formulated for use on ceramic surfaces and may not adhere properly or result in unexpected reactions during firing. Stick with using underglazes as intended for the best results.

Remember, practice makes perfect when it comes to mixing underglazes. Don’t be afraid to experiment and have fun creating your own unique colors for your ceramic pieces. Happy creating!  So, keep on mixing and exploring different techniques to create beautiful and vibrant underglazes for your ceramics!  Happy creating!

Conclusion

Mastering the art of underglaze mixing is a rewarding aspect of ceramic artistry that unlocks endless creative possibilities. By keeping detailed records, exploring advanced mixing techniques, and troubleshooting common issues, you can consistently achieve the desired outcomes for your projects. Safety and proper handling are paramount to ensure a delightful and hazard-free crafting experience. Remember, experimentation and practice are key to honing your skills and developing your unique style. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced ceramist, the vibrant world of underglazes invites you to explore its myriad of colors and effects.

Continue experimenting, learning, and pushing the boundaries of what you can create with underglaze to bring your ceramic pieces to life in the most extraordinary ways. Thanks for reading this article on how to mix underglazes.