How to Use Airbrushing Underglaze Onto Pottery

Airbrushing underglaze onto pottery is an innovative technique that allows artists to add intricate designs and vibrant colors to their ceramic pieces. This method combines the control and precision of airbrushing with the rich textures and depth of traditional pottery glazes. Whether you’re a beginner looking to explore the basics of ceramic decoration or an experienced potter aiming to refine your skills and add a new dimension to your work, mastering airbrushing underglaze techniques can open up a world of creative possibilities.

In this guide on how to use airbrushing underglaze onto pottery, we will cover the essential steps, tools, and tips to help you successfully apply airbrushed underglaze to your pottery projects, transforming them into stunning works of art.

What is Airbrushing Underglaze?

Airbrushing underglaze is a technique where an airbrush is used to apply ceramic underglazes onto pottery. Underglazes are ceramic pigments mixed with water or medium to create a paint-like consistency that can be applied to greenware or bisque-fired pottery. The underglaze acts as a base layer for other glazes and can also be used on its own to achieve beautiful, multi-layered designs with vibrant colors.

You can purchase underglazes in dry form, which need to be mixed with water or medium before use, or pre-mixed liquid form that is ready for airbrushing. Underglazes come in a wide range of colors and finishes, including matte, glossy, and metallic.

Materials and Tools Required

Before you begin airbrushing underglaze onto your pottery, you will need to gather the necessary materials and tools. Here’s a list of essential items you’ll need:

An Airbrush:

This is the most important tool for airbrushing underglaze onto pottery. You can choose between a single-action or dual-action airbrush, depending on your preference and budget.

Underglazes:

As mentioned earlier, underglaze comes in a variety of colors and finishes. Choose the ones that suit your project, keeping in mind the color combinations you want to achieve.

Water or Medium:

If using dry underglaze, you will need water or a medium such as CMC Gum Solution or glycerin to mix it with before airbrushing.

Pottery Pieces:

Greenware (unfired pottery) or bisque-fired (partially fired pottery) pieces are suitable for airbrushing underglaze.

Air Compressor:

This is needed to power your airbrush and control the amount of airflow. You can purchase a small, quiet compressor specifically designed for airbrushing.

Spray Booth:

A spray booth provides a contained area for airbrushing, reducing the risk of inhalation and overspray.

Protective Gear:

Wearing a mask, goggles, and gloves is crucial to protect yourself from inhaling ceramic dust and underglaze particles.

11 Step-by-step Guidelines on How to Use Airbrushing Underglaze Onto Pottery:

Step 1: Prepare Your Pottery

The first step is to ensure that your pottery is clean and free of any debris or dust. If working with greenware, make sure it is completely dry before painting. If using bisque-fired pottery, gently wipe off any remaining dust with a damp cloth. It is essential to have a smooth surface for the underglaze to adhere properly. You can also apply a layer of white slip as a base coat for better coverage. But make sure the slip is completely dry before proceeding to the next step.

Step 2: Set Up Your Workspace

Choose a well-ventilated area to work in, preferably close to a window or with an exhaust fan. Cover your work area with newspapers or a plastic sheet to protect it from overspray. Place your pottery pieces on a turntable or surface that allows you to rotate them easily. It is also helpful to have a water container nearby to clean your airbrush between color changes. The spray booth should be set up in a way that allows for easy access and ventilation.

Step 3: Prepare Your Underglazes

If using dry underglazes, mix them with water or medium according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Make sure you achieve a smooth consistency without any lumps or air bubbles. If using pre-mixed liquid underglaze, give the bottle a good shake before use. It is also helpful to pour the underglaze into small containers or cups for easier access and color blending. The underglaze can be thinned with water or medium for a more transparent effect.

Step 4: Adjust Your Airbrush

Adjust the air pressure on your compressor to around 20-30 PSI for fine detail work and 30-40 PSI for broader strokes. The trigger on a single-action airbrush controls both airflow and paint flow simultaneously, while a dual-action airbrush has a separate button or lever to control paint flow. Experiment with different nozzle sizes, depending on the size of your project and the level of detail you want to achieve.

Step 5: Begin Airbrushing

Start by testing your airbrush on a scrap piece of paper or pottery to get a feel for the spray and color intensity. Hold the airbrush about six inches away from the surface of your pottery and move it in circular or back-and-forth motions to create an even layer of underglaze. Use your other hand to rotate the pottery for easier access and a more natural flow. But make sure to keep your fingers away from the airbrush tip to avoid accidental spraying.

Step 6: Gradual Layering

Airbrushing requires patience and gradual layering to achieve the desired effect. Start with lighter colors and build up to darker ones, allowing each layer to dry before adding the next. You can also use stencils or masks to create patterns and textures with underglaze layers. The number of layers and color combinations will vary depending on your style and the effect you want to achieve. It is always better to start with lighter layers and add more as needed.

Step 7: Clean Your Airbrush

Cleaning your airbrush between colors is crucial to avoid color mixing and clogging. Use a cleaning solution or plain water to flush out the airbrush by spraying it onto a clean cloth or paper until the water runs clear. You can also disassemble your airbrush for a more thorough cleaning if needed. But make sure to dry it properly before using a different color. The airbrush should also be cleaned after each use to prevent buildup and maintain its functionality.

Step 8: Add Details

Once you have achieved your desired base layer, you can add finer details by using a smaller nozzle size and different techniques such as masking, shading, or creating gradients. You can also use a paintbrush to add details manually if preferred. It is crucial to have a steady hand and control over the airbrush for precise detailing. You can also use a fixative or clear glaze to seal and protect your underglaze design before firing. The fixative should be applied in thin layers and allowed to dry completely. It is also recommended that multiple layers be applied for better protection.

Step 9: Let It Dry

Allow your pottery pieces to completely dry before handling them or adding any additional layers. Depending on the thickness of the underglaze and the humidity level in your workspace, it can take anywhere from a few hours to a day for the underglaze to dry. You can also use a hairdryer on low heat to speed up the drying process, but make sure not to overheat or blister the underglaze. The underglaze should appear matte when dried and become shiny after firing.

Step 10: Fire Your Pottery

Once your pottery is fully dry, it is time to fire it in a kiln according to the underglaze manufacturer’s instructions. The firing temperature may vary depending on the type of underglaze used, but it typically ranges from cone 06-04 for low-fire underglazes and cone 5-6 for mid-range underglazes. Make sure to leave enough space between your pottery pieces in the kiln to avoid any color bleeding or smudging.

Step 11: Finished Product

After firing, your pottery should have a vibrant and permanent underglaze design. You can also apply additional layers of clear glaze for added durability and shine. Remember to always handle your pottery carefully to avoid scratching or damaging the underglaze design. With practice and experimentation, you can create unique and beautiful airbrushed pottery pieces that will add a personal touch to your home or make great gifts for family and friends. So, keep practicing and have fun with this versatile and exciting ceramic technique! 

Following these steps on how to use airbrushing underglaze onto pottery will ensure a successful airbrushed pottery project. However, don’t be afraid to experiment and try new techniques to make your designs stand out. With practice and patience, you’ll soon become an expert at airbrushing ceramic pieces. Keep exploring different underglaze colors and layering techniques to create eye-catching designs that reflect your unique style and creativity.

Advanced Airbrushing Effects

Once you have mastered the basics of airbrushing, there are many advanced techniques to explore. These include:

• Creating gradients and ombre effects by gradually changing colors from light to dark or vice versa.
• Using different stencils and masks to create intricate patterns and designs.
• Experiment with a variety of nozzle sizes for different levels of detail and spray pattern.
• Combining airbrushing with other techniques such as sgraffito, carving, or incising adds texture and depth to your designs.
• Mixing underglazes to create custom colors and shades for a truly unique look.
• Use masking fluid or resist to create negative space and reveal the underlying ceramic surface in your design.
• Incorporating airbrushing into a layered glaze technique for even more vibrant and dynamic results.

Glazing and Firing Considerations

When airbrushing on pottery, it is essential to consider how the final glaze and firing will affect your underglaze design. Here are a few things to keep in mind:

• Underglazes can be applied before or after bisque firing, but they may have different results. Applying underglaze before bisque firing allows for easier blending and layering of colors, while applying after bisque firing may result in a more intense color.
• It is crucial to choose a clear glaze that will not react with the underglaze and cause any unwanted changes in color or texture. Test different clear glazes on sample pieces before using them on your final project.
• The temperature and atmosphere of the kiln can also affect the final appearance of your underglaze design. Make sure to follow the recommended firing temperature and atmosphere for the specific underglaze you are using.

Post-Firing Finishing and Refinement

After firing your pottery, you may want to refine and enhance your airbrushed design further. Here are a few post-firing techniques to consider:

• Sanding or buffing the surface of the pottery can help smooth out any rough edges or imperfections in the underglaze.
• Using a wax resist over your underglaze design before applying glaze can create a beautiful crackled effect.
• Adding layers of clear or colored glaze on top of your airbrushed design can add depth and richness to the colors.
• Adding metallic lusters or decals over your underglaze design can create a stunning, shimmering effect.

There are endless possibilities for using airbrushing on pottery. With practice and experimentation, you can create unique and intricate designs that will make your pottery stand out. So, have fun and keep exploring this versatile and exciting ceramic technique! 

Troubleshooting Common Issues

Sometimes, even with all the right techniques and precautions, issues can arise when airbrushing on pottery. Here are a few common problems and how to troubleshoot them:

Blotchy or Patchy Color:

This can happen if the underglaze is not applied evenly or if there are air bubbles in the underglaze. Make sure to mix your underglaze thoroughly and apply it in thin, even layers.

Uneven or Splotchy Texture:

This can happen if the underglaze is too thick or if there are inconsistencies in the spraying technique. Make sure to spray from a consistent distance and avoid over-spraying in one spot.

Color Bleeding or Smudging:

This can occur when different colors of underglaze mix together. Make sure to leave enough space between pieces in the kiln and use a clear glaze that will not react with the underglaze.

Cracking or Peeling Underglaze:

This can happen if the underglaze is applied too thickly or if it is not properly bonded to the ceramic surface. Make sure to apply thin, even layers of underglaze and always follow the recommended firing temperature and atmosphere.

If you encounter any other issues when airbrushing on pottery, don’t be discouraged! With practice and troubleshooting, you will find what works best for your specific techniques and materials. Keep experimenting and have fun creating unique and beautiful airbrushed pottery pieces.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: Can I Use Regular Acrylic Paints for Airbrush Pottery? 

A: No, it is important to use underglazes specifically designed for ceramic materials when airbrushing on pottery. Regular acrylic paints will not adhere properly to the ceramic surface and may cause issues during firing. You can find airbrush-ready underglazes at most ceramic supply stores. The underglazes also come in a variety of colors and can be mixed to create custom shades.

Q: Can I Use an Airbrush to Glaze on Pottery?  

A: Yes, an airbrush can be used for glazing on pottery. It allows for more control and precision when applying glaze, especially in intricate designs or patterns. However, make sure to use a clear glaze that is suitable for airbrushing and follow the recommended firing instructions. It is also essential to clean the airbrush thoroughly after using it with glaze to prevent clogging.

Q: Can I Use an Airbrush for Other Ceramic Techniques?  

A: Absolutely! While airbrushing is commonly used for underglaze designs, it can also be used in combination with other ceramic techniques such as sgraffito, carving, or incising. It can even be incorporated into a layered glaze technique for more dynamic results. The possibilities are endless, so don’t be afraid to experiment with different techniques and see what works best for your creative vision.

Q: How Do I Care for Pottery with Airbrushed Designs? 

A: Like any other pottery, pieces with airbrushed designs should be handled with care. Avoid using abrasive cleaners or scrubbing too hard, as this can damage the design. It is also recommended to avoid microwaving or dishwashing handmade pottery as it may cause the underglaze to fade over time. Instead, hand wash it with mild soap and water and handle it with care to preserve the integrity of the design. 

Conclusion

Mastering airbrushing on pottery opens up a vast world of creativity and personal expression. By following the steps outlined in this guide on how to use airbrushing underglaze onto pottery, from preparing your surface to the final firing, you can achieve stunning, vibrant designs that are limited only by your imagination. Remember, the key to successful airbrushing lies in practice, experimentation, and patience.

Don’t hesitate to try new techniques, mix custom colors, and push the boundaries of traditional pottery decoration. With each piece, you’ll gain more confidence and skill, enabling you to create truly unique and eye-catching pottery that stands out. Whether you’re creating pieces for your home, gifts for loved ones, or items to sell, airbrushed pottery offers a distinctive and personal touch that is sure to be admired.